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CaKN³Gcié®nþy_
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mankarTietonmkelIraCrdæaPi)al
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h‘un Esn
nayk rdæm®nþI
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EbbenHeTAvij enHCa cMNucEdleyIgminGacenAes¶óm)aneT.
vaCacMNucEdleyIgRtUvEtman Rbtikmµy:agskmµ
c,as;las; ehIybkRsaybMPøWdl;RbCaBlrdæ
edIm,I[yl;nUvbuBVehtu d¾RtwmRtUv
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edaysarmUlehtu NamYyenaH
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eyIg®tUvbkRsaynUvkarBit
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b¤kic©RBmeRBogTaMgLay edIm,ICabuBVehtu
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KWeyIgCRmabnUvkarBit edIm,I
bkRsay karecaTRbkan;EdlxusqÁg rbs;GñkTaMgenaH
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EdlmanBisBulmkelI raCrdæaPi)al
nigmkelIfñak;dwknaM rbs;eyIg.
cMNucmYyEdl´nwgCRmabCUnenH
KWeyIgepþatelIsMNYrfa etIehtuGVI)anCamanRBwtþikarN_ ekIteLIgkñúgb:unµans)aþh_enH?
bc©úb,nñenH GVIEdleKecaTRbkan;xøaMg
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siT§iesrIPaBénkarbeBa©jmtimkniyayfa
raCrdæaPi)al)anRbKl;ekaHRtl;eTA[evotNam.
karelIkeLIgenH eyIgemIleXIjc,as;fa
eKb:unb:gyksiT§iénsarB½t’man
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edIm,IseRmceKalbMNgrbs;eK edayelIkykbBaðaRBMEdn mkvayRbhareyIg begáIt[manPaBclacl
nigRcbUkRcbl;. enHKWCaeKaledABit. dUecñHGIVEdl eyIgniyayéf¶enH KWbBa¢ak;[eKeXIjfa
ehtuplénsiT§iesrIPaB énsarB½t’manenaH
vaminEmn CakarBiteT. cMNucc,as;las;mYy
EdleyIgGacykmkbBaöak;)an KWfakñúgdMeNIrkar
RbCaFibetyü nigkarEkTRmg;rdæsBVEbby:ag
EdleyIg)aneFVIenH ®tUv)anmtisaFarN³TTYl
sÁal;c,as;fa mandMeNIrkareTAmux.
ebIKitBIrcnasm<½n§ sßab½nFmµnuBaØ
dMeNIrkare)aHeqñat
nigsiT§i esrIPaBsarB½t’manenaH
eyIgmanemaTnPaB edaysarEteyIg)anQaneTAmux
ebI eRbobeFobeTA nwgRbeTsmYycMnYnenAkñúgtMbn;.
eyIgmanPsþútag c,as;las;Nas; KWenAeBlfµI²enH
kaEst Cambodge
Soir
)anykGtßbTxøImYyEdl´yl;famansar³sMxan;ya:gxøaMg
ehIy´sUmelIkyk xøwmsarmkCRmabCUnsemþc Ék]tþm
elakCMTav Gs;elak RCabenaH KWbBaðaecaT
Rbkan;BIkarbiT siT§iRbCaCn.
tammtisaFarN³eKfa eyIgmin)anbiTsiT§iesrIPaB
RbCaBlrdæeT eyIgCa RbeTs
CYrmuxeKenAtMbn;GasuIGaeKñy_
Cab;elxdMbUgeKenAGasuIGaeKñy_
ebIKitBIEpñkxagsiT§i esrIPaB sarB½t’manrhUt dl;GñkCMnajkarGgÁkarminEmnrdæaPi)alxøH niyayfakm<úCa KWCazansYK’ énGgÁkarminEmnrdæaPi)al BIeRBaHeKcg;begáItGgÁkarminEmn rdæaPi)alb:unµank¾)anEdr.
enAkm<úCa manGgÁkarminEmnrdæaPi)alCit 2000 Edl)ancuHbBaöI. dUecñHGgÁkarminEmn rdæaPi)aleFVIGVIk¾)an Edr
rhUtdl;eKmkBIbreTsmkxitxMeFVIkarTmøak;
raCrdæaPi)alkñúgRbeTs k¾eKGaceFVI)anEdr
KWeyIgebIkTUlay nigFUrGs;b:uNÑwgehIy.
kalBIéf¶TI 21-22 knøgmkenH
manGgÁkarminEmnrdæaPi)almYy eQµaHfa
Reporteur Sans Frontiĕre
)aneFVIkarsikSaeRbobeFobkñúgcMeNamRbeTscMnYn
167 edIm,IrkcMNat;fñak; etIRbeTs NamankareKarBsiT§iesrIPaB xagsarB½t’man nigRbeTsNaxøHmineKarB? CalT§pl km<úCaCab; cMNat;fñak;elx 91 RbeTsdaNWm:akCab;cMNat;fñak;elx 1
ehIyRbeTs EdlenAeRkameKCab; cMNat;fñak;elx
167 KWRbeTskUer:xageCIg. ebIeyIgemIl
RbeTsenAkñúgtMbn;man \NÐÚeNsuI Cab;elx 105
éfLg;d× Cab;elx 107. dUecñH RbeTséf
k¾enAcaj;RbeTskm<úCaEdr
kñúgerOgsiTi§esrIPaBxagsarB½t’man.
RbeTsm:aeLsuI Cab;elx 113 RbeTsRb‘uyeN elx
123 hVIlIBInelx 139 saMghÁaBYr elx 140 Lav
elx 155 evotNam elx 158 cin elx 159 nigPUma
Cab;elx 163. dUecñH eyIgeXIjfa GgÁkar
Reporteur Sans Frontiĕre
)ansikSa y:agm:t;ct;elI 167 RbeTs
ehIyGñkEdlecaTRbkan;fa eyIgmin)aneKarBsiT§iesrIPaBsarB½t’ manenaH KWCakarecaTRbkan;xusqÁg.
edaysarkarebIksiT§iesrIPaB rbs;eyIgTUlayNas;
eyIgminxVl;nwgkarecaTRbkan;xusqÁgTaMgenaHeT.
pÞúyeTAvij ebIkarecaTRbkan;enaH
manlkçN³ RtwmRtUv eyIgykcitþTukdak;
EtebIminRtwmRtUveT vaCaerOgmYyepSgeTot.
ehtudUcemþc)anCaeKxMRbwgelIkerOgRBMEdnmkniyayenAeBlenH?
kalBIéf¶mSilmij enAkñúg GgÁRbCuM
semþcnaykrdæm®nþI)anelIkykB½t’manmYyfa
taMgBIEx 05 semþc)anTTYl B½t’manrYc mkehIyfa
enAb:unµan Ex xagmux
nwgmanekItclaclenAkñúgRbeTs mUlehtuelcecj
BIkarecaT Rbkan;erOgRBMEdn. dUecñH eyIgeXIjCak;EsþgEmn B½t’manEdleyIg)anTTYltaMgBIEx 05
KWBitEmnehIy muxsBaØaenaH elcecjBImuxsBaØa
EdleK)anR)ab;Emn. enHCacMNuc sMxan;Edlfa
ehtudUcemþc)anCaerOgRBMEdnekIteLIg?
vaekIteLIgb:unµans)aþh_ enHxøaMgkøaNas;
cab;epþImecjBI bTsmÖasn_rbs;elak
s‘an eb:gEs
CamYyviTüúsMbukXúµM. eRkaymkeTotman
GtßbT esckþI EføgkarN_CahUrEh
man)atukmµenAGaemrik enAGWr:ub
ehIyenAGaemrik kMBugelc B¤bBaðaeFVI)atukmµ
erOgRBMEdnenHenAmanteTAeTot. dUecñH
vahak;dUcCakargarEdlmanEpnkareRKagTuk
ehIyeRbIR)as; bBaðaRBMEdn
edIm,IeFVIskmµPaBRbqaMgnwgraCrdæaPi)al.
vaCakareRCIserIs RbFanbT EdlCabBaðasMxan;
ehIybBaðaRBMEdnenH
vaFøab;CabBaðaRsYcRsavenAkñúgRbvtþisaRsþ
rbs;eyIg
k¾dUcCaenAkñúgRbvtþisaRsþRbeTsepSg².
enAelIskl elakCakarBit vaminEmnmanEt
bBaðaRBMEdneT cMeBaHRbeTsCag 200 enaH.
erOgresIbenaH KWxusKñaBIRbeTsmYyeTARbeTsmYy
xusKñaBIeBlmYyeTAeBlmYy. \LÚvdUcenARbeTsGaemrik eKelIkeLIgfa
etImanerOgGVIresIbCageK eRkayRBwtþikarN_éf¶TI
11 kBaØa 2001 mk KwerOgePrvkmµ.
ebIeKsgS½yGVICaePrvkmµ
KWrdæaPi)aleKmanviFankarskmµ Nas;. dUecñH ´elIkenHRKan;Etcg;CRmabCUnfa bBaðaGVIEdlCacMNucresIb
vamanxus² Kña cMeBaH eBlevlakMNt;NamYy. ]TahrN_
enAGaemrikeRkayéf¶ 11 kBaØa 2001
manCnCati)araMg mñak;; )anCiHynþehaHGaemrik
ehIy)aneTAniyaykMEbøgelgCamYynarI
GUEtsmñak;famanRKab;Ebk enAkñúgynþehaH
edIm,IbMP½ynag. luHdl;eBleKcuHmkvij
narIenaH)aneTAbþwgb:UlIs eKk¾cab; CnCati)araMgenaHkat;eTas[Cab;Kuk. dUecñH
bBaöak;faenHCacMNucresIbxøaMgNas;.
enAGaemrik eK)anykviFankartwgrwug
eTaHbICaviFankarenaH
b:HBal;eTAelIsiT§iesrIPaBrbs;buKÁl k¾eday
eRBaHfa eTaHbIGaemrikCa
RbeTseCIgÉkxagsiT§iesrIPaB
b:uEnþmanc,ab;fµI²eRcInNas; EdlGac[Eqkeqr
B½t’manqøgeqøIy eRbIR)as;viFankarCak;Esþg
edIm,ITb;sáat;ePrvkmµ
eRBaHvaCabBaða GayuCIvitrbs;RbeTseK. ]TahrN_enH
´RKan;Etcg;elIkeLIgfa RbeTsmYy
eKmancMNuc resIbmYy kñúgeBlevlakMNt;NamYy.
dUcCaenAGWr:ub eKk¾manbBaðaresIb rbs;eKEdr.
bBaða sMxan;rbs;TVIbGWr:ub
KWerOgTb;sáat;karsmøab;rgÁal
eRBaHGWr:ub)anqøgkat;RbvtþisaRsþ y:ag
CUrct;kñúgs®gÁamelakelIkTI1
nigs®gÁamelakelIkTI2 EdlmanmnusSsøab;rab;
siblannak;. kñúgrbbRbl½y BUCsasn_enAkm<úCavij
manmnusSsøab;Cag3lannak; Ets®gÁam
elakelIkTI2 enAGWr:ub søab;rab;siblan ehIy
kñúgenaH vaekIteLIgedayehtuplRbkan;BUCsasn_
KW GuIEtør )an beBa©jRTwsþIGMBIbBaðaBUCsasn_
x<g;x<s;Cag nigxøaMgCagCatisasn_déT ehIyk¾
GnuvtþnUvRTwsþI enaH edIm,Ismøab;CnCatiCVIhV
EdleKehAfa
Holocauste
)ann½yfasmøab;CnCati CVIhV[Gs;. dUecñH
vaCaclnamYyEdleKxøacNas; eKxøacclnaenHvavil
RtLb;mkvij nwgekItCabBaðaresIb rbs;eK.
Cak;EsþgenAqñaM 1990
enARbeTs)araMgeKeFVIc,ab; ehAfa
c,ab;háicsU )ann½yfa
dak;eTaseTAelInrNaEdl
niyayqáwHeqáólBI erOgRbl½yBUCsasn_eLIgvij
KWBYkesIerIniym
(Révisionniste)
BIeRBaHfa
CnmYykþab;tUcenAEtmanninñakarneya)aykarBarerOgsmøab;mnusSenH
cg;eFVICaclnaesñhaCatihYsehtu
edIm,IPaB]tþúgÁ]tþm rbs;RkumeK nigrbs;TVIbeK.
dUecñHeK begáItc,ab;háicsU kñúgeKalbMNgcab;
GñkesIerIerOg RbvtþiusaRsþenH dak;eTasedayEp¥ktam c,ab;RBhµTNÐBiess.
kñúgeBle)aHeqñatknøgmk enAqñaM 1987 elak
LE PEN
RbFanKNbkSRbqaMgmYy d¾l,Il,ajenA)araMg )anQñHeqñatTaMgGtItnaykrdæm®nþI)araMgeTot
)anniyayenAkñúgkarsmÖasn_ mYyfa
bnÞb;EdleK)andak;]sµ½nsRmab;smøab;mnusS
rbs;GuIEtørkalBIs®gÁamelak
elIkTI2 enaHmaneRcInkEnøg b:uEnþelak LE
PEN
)anniyayBIerOgbnÞb;mYyenAGUsVIt
dUceyIgniyayGMBI TYlEsøgGBa©wg
EdlRKan;EtCacMNuclMGitmYy énRbvtþisaRsþ.
RKan;EteRbIBaküb:uNÑwg
smaKm GñkkarBarsiT§imnusS)anbþwgelakeTAtulakar
ehIytulakarekaHehA
LE PEN. edayelakminGac karBarxøÜn)an
tulakar)ankat;eTas
LE PEN
edaydksiT§ineya)aymYyry³. dUecñH
LE PEN
RtUv rg;caMTal;Etcb;eTasenaHeTIbGaceFVIneya)ay)anvij.
enHRKan;EtCaBakümYy
niyaycg;karBar rbbhVasuIsdUceyIgcg;niyayBITYlEsøg KWRtUvCab;eTas
ehIyKat;CaRbFanKNbkS
CamnusS mñak;l,IeQµaHenARbeTs)araMg.
sm rgSúI
niyaysþIGVI eRcInEteronsURtBI
LE PEN
elakeRcInEt niyayGMBIbBaða)at;TwkdI
karerIseGIgBUCsasn_. KµanGñkNacUlcitþ
GMBIkarRbkan;BUCsasn_ enHCacMNucresIbNas;.
karcak;ruk[s¥b;BYkbreTs eKcat;Tukfaman
eTasEtmþg. s®gÁamelak
elIkTI2 KWekIteLIgedaykardutkMhwgBUCsasn_.
man]TahrN_eRcIn Nas;Et´sUm
elIk]TahrN_mYyeTot
KWenAGg;eKøsmanGñkniBn§l,IeQµaH mñak;eQµaH
qal;Emn r:asaDI
CnCatiedIm \NÐa )ansresresovePAmYy
riHKn;eTAelIsasnaG‘ísøam Km<IrKUra:n;
etImanRbtikmµ y:agdUcemþc?
enHCabBaðaresIbNas;enAmCÄimbUBa’. enAeBlenaH
Gajat;etl La XuMemnI
emdwknaMRbeTs GuIr:g;)anRbkan;ykviFankarsasnamYyehIyRbCuMsasna bnÞab;mk)anecjbT bBaöaxagsasna edayehAfa { hVat;v:a }
KWdak;bBa¢aCapøÚvkar[CnCatiG‘ísøam Edlkan;sasna G‘ísøameTAsmøab; elak
qal;Emn r:asaDI
[)anehIynrNasmøab;)an[rgVan; 3landuløar
eRBaHCamnusSRbqaMg sasnaCacMhTieton Km<IrKUra:n;
rhUtTal;Etelak qal;Emn r:asaDI
rt;eKcxøÜn suMkic©karBar CIvitCahUrEheRcInqñaMNas; TMraMh‘anecjmuxvij
ehIyRtUvTamTar[eFVIkar suMeTasCapøÚvkar
sMEdgkareKarBsasnaG‘ísøamenaHeLIgvij. ]TahrN_
TaMgenHCacMNucsMxan; Nas;Edl´cg;CRmabfa
RbeTsnImYy²mancMNucresIberog² xøÜn
edIm,IkarBarGayuCIvit rbs; RbCaBlrdæeK
karBarGtßiPaB RbeTseK karBarPaBKg;vgS
rbs;RbeTseK karBarsuvtßiPaB
rbs;RbeTsCatieKnigRbCaBl rdæeK.
karelIkeLIgTaMgGs;enH KWcg;bkRsayfa
km<úCaeyIgk¾ mancMNucresIbrbs;eyIg KWerOg
TwkdIenHEtmþg eRBaHfakm<úCaFøab;CamhanKr
eyIgk¾manEpnTI Edr KWEpnTIGFiraCaNacRkkm<úCa
taMgBIstvtSTI 10 mkemø:H. eyIgmanEpnTI3
KWEpnTIsm½y stvtSTI 10 TI 13 nigeRkaymk eTot
TwkdIeyIgrYjbnþicmþg²
rhUtdl;GñkRsavRCavevotNam kñúgniekçbbTrbs;eK
)ansresr c,as;fa kalNamanCemøaHdeNþImGMNacrvagraCvgSExµr
esþcmçagBwgevotNam mçagBwgéf
eday snüakat;dImþúM[CasKuNenAeBldeNIþmGMNac)an.
enHCacMNucresIb rbs;RbCaBlrdæeyIg GMBIerOg)at;TwkdI.
eyIgk¾Føab;eXIjCak;EsþgEdrenAkñúgRbvtþisaRsþrbs;eyIg
kalkñúgTsvtS qñaM70 Rkum ln; nl;
)aneRbIRbFanbT)at;TwkdIenH
edIm,IeFVIrdæRbharRbqaMgnwgRBHkruNaenAqñaM
1970 ehIy RtUv)antulakarBiesskat;eTasRbharCIvit RBHkruNapgEdr. CamYyKñaenHEdr
k¾manbT ceRmog mYycMnYn sþIBIbBaðalk;TwkdI [eyokkug
dUcCabT {laEm:cUleFVITahan} EdleRcogeday elak
suin suIsamut.
enHCa]TahrN_mYyc,as;las;Nas;fa
eKeRbIbBaðaTwkdIedIm,I eFVIkargar FM² edIm,IpþÜlrMlMRBHkruNaenAsm½yenaHehIyedIm,IbegáIttulakarkat;eTasRbharCIvit
RBHkruNa BIbTk,t;Catilk;TwkdI.
dUecñHvaCabBaðaresIbEdlFøab;man
nigCaRbFanbTEdleKeRbIsRmab; eFVIkargarFM².
´)anelIkeLIgGm,aj;mijfa semþcnaykrdæm®nþI
elak)andwgtaMgBIEx 05 mk ehIyfa
b:unµanExeTAmuxeTot vanwgekItmanekalahlehIy
ehIyRbFanbTenH KWecjBIerOgTwkdI enHEmn.
enHCacMNucmYyEdlRtUvsYrfa
etIehtudUcemþc )anCaeyIgminGacenAes¶óm)an?
raCrdæaPi)alykPaBskmµhµt;ct; edayEp¥k
elIeKalkarN_nItirdæ RtwmRtUv sucrit
nigyutþiFm’. TaMgGs;enH
CaesckþIepþImEdl´sUmelIkeLIg ehIyk¾cg;bBaöak;Edrfa bBaðaRBMEdnenAEtCabBaða resIb
EdleyIgRtUvEteFVI[)anc,as;las;
RtUvEtbkRsay[)an c,as;las;CUnRbCaBlrdæ
CUn saFarNCn[)anyl;fa eKniyaykuhk.
ehtudUcemþc)anCaeyIgdwgfa eKniyaykuhk ?
dUcenHeyIgcUleTAbBaðaCMnaj
edIm,IelIkeLIgsRmab;bkRsay[eXIjc,as;fa
GñkEdl ecaTRbkan; eyIgenH KµanGVIrwgmaM
KµanGVIc,as;las;eT KICakarRbDiterOg
eKniyaytamEtGVIEdl eKnwkeXIj dUcCabBaða
ekaHRtl; bBaðaERBkCIkvijetCaedIm
Edl´nwgbgðajCUnenAelIEpnTI
GMBIcMNucCak;EsþgTaMgenH.
sMNYr ³
ehtuGVI)anCaeyIgeFVIkic©RBmeRBogbEnßm?
etIkic©RBmeRBogqñaM 1982 sn§isBaØa qñaM1983
nig sn§isBaØaqñaM 1985
EdlsuT§EtCakic©RBmeRBog nig
sn§isBaØaniyayGMBIkarkMNt; RBMEdn
etIxusc,ab;Edrb¤eT? bc©úb,nñeKkMBugEtecaTfa
kic©RBmeRBog nigsT§isBaØaTaMgTaMgGs;
enaHxusc,ab;. dUecñH sn§isBaØabMeBjbEnßm
rbs;eyIg EdlnwgRtUvdak;CUnrdæsPa
edImI,sMusc©ab½n kñúgeBlqab;²enH
vaxusc,ab;Edrb¤eT? etIkarBitvay:agNa?
etIvaxusc,ab;Emnb¤eT?
cemøIy ³
sni§sBaØabMeBjbEnßmeTAelIsni§sBaØakMNt;RBMEdnrdæqñaM
1985 )anEckCUnehIy. tamBitvamanÉksarbI
KWkic©RBmeRBogqñaM 1982 1983 nig 1985
ehIyqñaM 1983 manBIreTot TI1-
niyayGMBIkarqøgEdn rbs;RbCaBlrdæ EdleKehAfa lkçnþik³RBMEdn nig TI2-
niyay GMBIeKalkarN_edIm,IedaHRsayRBMEdn.
sn§isBaØaqñaM 1985 manEtmYyeT
EtebIeyIg niyayeTAva mansar³sMxan;CageK
KWkarkMNt;RBMEdnrvagrdæ nig rdæ. ´sUmbkRsaymun
nUvsn§isBaØaqñaM 1982 1983 nig 1985
rYcehIyeTIb´sUmeTAbkRsay GMBIsn§isBaØa
bMeBj bEnßm.
kic©RBmeRBogqñaM 1982 ³
kic©RBmeRBogenH eKelIkeLIgfaxusc,ab;
etIvaxusc,ab; eday sarGIV?
edaysareKeyageTAelImaRtamYyénkic©RBmeRBog
TIRkug):arIsqñaM 1991. kic©RBmeRBog
TIRkug):arIs manbYn Epñk ¬ebItamGtßbT
PasaGg;eKøs nig)araMg ÉGtßbTPasaExµrmanEt
3Epñk¦ ehIyEpñkTI3 b¤ EpñkTI2 PasaExµr
tammaRta 1 Ecgfa km<úCasnüafa ³ {bBa©b;sn§isBaØa
nigkic© RBmeRBogTaMgLayNa Edlmin
smRsbeTAnwgGFibetyüPaB ÉkraCü bUrNPaB
nigPaB minGacrMelaP)anénEdndIGBüaRkwtPaB
nigÉkPaB Catirbs;xøÜn}. dUecñH sYrfa Ep¥kelImaRtaenH
mkGHGagfa kic©RBmeRBogrbs;eyIgxusc,ab;)anEdr
b¤eT? eqøIyfa enHvaminEmnCakarBiteT. \LÚvebIeyIgBinitüBaküEdlenAkñúgenaHfa sni§sBaØa nigkic©RBmeRBog TaMgLayNa
Edlb:HBal; eTAelIÉkraCü GFibetyüPaB
bUrNPaBTwkdI )ann½yfa kic©RBmeRBogenaH )aneFVI[)at;dI Cakic© RBmeRBogEdleyIgykdIeyIgeTA[eK
Gahñwgvab:HBal;eTAnwgbUrNPaBTwkdI.
ebIeyIgKitBI xøwmsar sYrfa
etIkic©RBmeRBogrbs;eyIgxagelImanykdI
eyIg[evotNamEdr b¤eT? enHCacMNuc EdleyIgEsVgyl;. tamBitxøwmsar
c,as;las;enAkñúgkic©RBmeRBogqñaM 1982 1983
nigqñaM 1985 Edl)anEckCUn enAeBlenH
enArdæsPa nigenARBwT§sPa ´)anCRmabCUnehIy
mantmøaPaB KµanGVIlak;elomeT. kic©RBmeRBog
qñaM 1982 niyayGMBItMbn;Twk RbvtþisaRsþ
kñúgenaHvaman cMNucBIrsMxan;KW TI1 bBaöak;faekaHBUlUév: Carbs;km<úCa.
ehtudUcemþc)anCaRtUv bBa¢ak;fa
ekaHBUlUév:Carbs;km<úCa? BIeRBaHfa kalBIqñaM
1974 kmøaMgBYkFIvKI ¬kmøaMg evotNam xagt,Úg¦
)anmkRbkaskan;kab;ykekaHenH
edaydak;T½BenAelIekaHEtmþg ehIyedjk):al;EsVg
rkeRbgkat ecjBIekaH edaykMNt;ry³eBl 15éf¶Etb:ueNÑaH
[ecjputBIEdnTwkenaH ebIminecj eTnwgmanerOg.
RKan;EtB¤BYkFIvKIRbkasEbbenH
k):al;enaHk¾ecj)at; Qb;bnþrkeRbgkateTot.
dUecñH sn§isBaØaqñaM 1982 bBaöak;fa TI1
ekaHBUlUév: Carbs;km<úCa TI2 kMNt;tMbn;Twk
RbvtþisaRsþ. ehtuGVI)anCaRtUvkMNt;tMbn;Twk
RbvtþisaRsþ? edaysareyIgTamTarykExSeRbvIey
cMENkxagevotNamBMuRBmeT. evotNamTamTaryk
ExSsmcm¶ay. eyIgniyayGt;RtUvKñakEnøg enHehIy
EdlGñksikSaGtßbTbreTsxøH Kat;)ankt;sMKal;fa
enHminEmnCa kic©RBmeRBogEdl evotNammksgát;km<úCa[fatamÉNa.
karcrcaenaHeTot esatl¥Nas; dUcCaenAqñaM1983
)an bBaöak;eTotfa min[manmnusSelIsKñaeTot. ]TahrN_
ebIeyIg 10nak; evotNam k¾RtUvEt 10nak;Edr
enHCacMNucviCömanEdleyIg)aneFVIenAeBlenaH.
cMENkkarcrcaCamYyéfvij enAeBl xøHeyIgeTA 8
b¤ 9 nak; KN³RbtiPUéfman 30nak;ÉeNaH. dUecñH
ebIemIleTAeyIgCa RkumtUc ehIyKat;CaRkumFM
eRBaHeKmanlT§PaBCageyIg
eKmanFnFanmnusSeRcInCageyIg. karRbCuM enAqñaM
1983 kalenaHeyIgsresr faGt;manKñaeRcIneT
ebIeyIgeTA 5 nak; evotNamRtUvmanKña 5
nak;Edr eyIg 10 nak; evotNamRtUv 10nak;Edr
enHCakarbgðajBIPaB esµIPaB. dUecñHeTIbman Gñkkt;sMKal;xøHfa minGacniyayfa kic©RBmeRBog
qñaM 1982 1983 nig 1985
Cakarekob sgát;rbs;evotNameT
eRBaHkarcrcaenaHvaGt;RtUvKñaeRcIncMNucNas;.
ebITTYlkarekobsgát;BI evotNam
eyIgTTYlyl;RBmtameK)at;eTAehIy BMuGacmankic©RBmeRBogqñaM 1982 eLIy. kic©RBmeRBogqñaM
1982 RKan;Etfa ekaHBUlUév: Carbs;km<úCa
dUecñH)ann½yfa GVI²enACuMvijekaHhñwg
tamc,ab;GnþrCati manx<g;rab )atsmuRTb:unµan
KWeyIgRtUvTTYltamhñwg
RtUvTTYltameKalkarN_ EdlkMNt;tamc,ab;
smuRTGnþrCati CaBiess
GnusBaØaGgÁkarshRbCaCati sIþBIc,ab;smuRT
qñaM 1982 EdleKehAfa c,ab;smuRT GnþrCati.
TI2eTot edaykarcrcaExShñwg vaGt;RtUvKña
eyIgTarykExSeRbvIey eKTarykExSsmcm¶ay.
ehtuenHehIy)anCaeKKUstMbn;hñwg [eQµaHfa
tMbn;TwkRbvtþisaRsþ ehIytMbn;TwkRbvtþisaRsþ
enHtamkarRsavRCavminEmnmanEtRsukExµr
nig evotNameT KWmaneRcInNas; enAkEnøgepSg² elIsklelak.
kal´enARksYgkarbreTs ´enAcaMfa
eyIgmankarRbCuMGñkkaEst
ehIyeyIgmanlkçN³eRtom Éksar)anhµt;ct;
KWmaneRcInRbeTsNas; ´mincaMfaenAkEnøgNaxøHeT.
cMeBaHeQµaHRbeTs EdleK)anGnuvtþtMbn;TwkRbvtþisaRsþ eKehAfa
QUgsmuRTRbvtþisaRsþ edayeKEbgEck
Gt;dac; dUceyIgEdr. eyIg)an EcgehIy
kñúgkic©RBmeRBogqñaM 1982
faGacrYmKñakarBarsnþisux
ehIy RbCaCnenACithñwg
GacrksuIelIEdnsmuRThñwg)an
b:uEnþebIrkeRbgkat rk]sµ½n Gt;)aneT.
cMNuc esµIPaBenaH vaeRcInNas;
kalNacg;rkeRbgkat Tal;Etkm<úCa eyIgGnuBaØat[.
eyIgminTan;)an eFVIGIVeT
evotNamk¾eKminTan;h‘anb:HBal;
eyIgk¾minTan;h‘anb:HBal;GVI EdrenAkñúgtMbn;Twk RbvtþisaRsþhñwg. enHCaxøwmsar qñaM 1982
manEtb:uNÑwgeT ehIymanbBaöak;eTotfa RbeTs
TaMgBIrRtUvcrca edIm,IkMNt;cMNucRbsBVsUnü
enAcenøaHekaHév: nigekaHfUCU
sRmab;eFIVCamUldæan kñúgkarkMNt;RBMEdnsmuRTkñúgtMbn;TwkRbvtiþsa®sþ.
sn§isBaØaqñaM1983 ³ sn§isBaØaenHxøIeT
KWRKan;EtbBaöak;faykEpnTIGIV edIm,IcrcakMNt;
RBMEdn. enAqñaM 1983 eyIgkMNt;fa
RtUvykEpnTIEdl)araMgbnSl;TukmkelIxñat
1¼100>000 EdlxagPUmisaRsþ \NÐÚcin)ane)aHBum<
enAkñúgkalbriecäTCitqñaM 1954
BIeRBaH)araMgKat;cab;
epþIme)aHtaMgBIqñaM1920. tamkarBitmantaMgBIqñaM1873 Edl høÜgneratþm )anLayRBHhsþ
elxaelIGnusBaØaCamYynwgPaKI)araMg
kMNt;RBMEdn rvagkm<úCa nigkUsaMgsuIn
ehIyyb;mij TUrTsSn_)anpSayCUnehIy.
dUecñHvamankarkMNt;taMgBIeBlenaHmk )araMgKat;e)aHBum<
b:uEnþvaman Caesva\NÐÚcin
xagPUmisaRsþRtwmRtUvKWGacRtwmqñaM 1920
Edl)ane)aHecjCaeRcIn
Edition. qñaM 1983 kMNt;faeyIgRtUvykEpnTIenaH
mkeFIVRBMEdn mann½yfaeyIgTTYlyk eKalkarN_
c,ab;GnþrCatimYy EdlehAfa
eKalkarN_ExSRBMEdnminEkERbenAeBlEdl)anÉkraCü (Uti
Possidetis)
enH eyIgykEpnTI Edl)ane)aHmunqñaM 1954
KWEpnTIe)aHtaMgBIqñaM 1920 eK[ eQµaHfa
RkumPUmisaRsþ\NÐÚcin. eKmanviTüasaRsþ
emIlPUmisaRsþRtwmRtUv ehIyeK)ane)aH EpnTIenH.
sn§isBaØaqñaM 1983 manEt 4 maRtaeT niyayfa
PaKITaMgBIrcat;TukRBMEdn EdlmanrYcmkehIy
enAelIEpnTIxñat 1¼100>000 faCaRBMEdnrdærvagRbeTsTaMgBIr. sni§sBaØa enH nwgGs;RbsiT§PaB
bnÞab;BIkarcUlCaFrmanénsni§sBaØakMNt;RBMEdnrdæ.
sn§isBaØaqñaM1985
dUc´)anCRmabfa sn§isBaØa qñaM
1983 manBIr TI1 ehAfalkçnþik³RBMEdn
eKRKan;EtkMNt;GMBIsiT§irbs;Blrdæ
Edlrs;enAtMbn;RBMEdn EdlmanbNþaXuM b£GgÁPaBrdæ)alfñak; esIµnwgXuM
kñúgeKalbMNgsRmYl
karqøgkat;RBMEdnrbs;BlrdæTaMgenH.
eyIgkMNt;man eKalkarN_hµt;ct;Nas; karqøgRBMEdn KWRbCaCnenAkñúgXuMCab;RBMEdnenaH
GacecjcUl)aneTA XuMmYyeTot
EdlenACab;RBMEdnenaH. eKalkarN_enH
eRkaymkeyIgeFVIfµI² CamYynwgéf TUlayCaghñwg
FUrCaghñwgeTAeTot ]TahrN_ extþenACab;RBMEdn
eyIgecj[qøg 2 extþ ehIyebI cg;qøgRbeTs
eyIgRtUvmanlixitqøgEdnRtwmRtUv. enAqñaM 1985
eyIgeFVI sn§isBaØakMNt;RBMEdn. sn§isBaØaqñaM
1985 manlkçN³CMnaj sresrPöab;fa etIBIcMNucNa
eTAcMNucNa RtwmRtUv. dUecñHsYrfa
etIsn§isBaØaqñaM 1982 1983 1985
eyIgman[dIeTAeKeT? Gt;man[pg. dUcCaqñaM 1982
niyayKñaGt;RtUvEckKñaGt;dac;
TukCECkKñabnþeTot etIman)anEckTwkdIGIV[?
man)an kMNt;fa TwkdINa xagevotNam
TwkdINaxageyIgÉNa? KWKUsGt;ecj )anCaeTAbegáItCa tMbn;TwkRbvtþisaRsþ.
ebIeyIgBinitü elIxøwmsar
eyIgGt;eXIjmankEnøgGVI
EdlRtUvlubsn§isBaØa ecalenaHeT
ehIyebIlubecalRtUvsYrfa etIeyIg
manRBMEdnc,as;las; rvageyIg nigevotNam
rvageyIg nigéf rvageyIg nigLaveT teTAGnaKt?
RtUvEtman ehIyeyIgRtUvkMNt;dUcqñaM 1983
KWRtUvykEpnTIEdl)araMgTukmk EpnTI 1¼100>000.
eyIgmanEpnTI RBMEdnCamYy evotNam Lav éf.
eyIgmanEpnTI 2 sMxan; TI1- EpnTIEdl)araMgTukmkeyIg ehAfa EpnTI
1¼100>000 rbs;RkumPUmisaRsþ \NÐÚcin
EdlEpnTIhñwg )aneFVIbnþbnÞab;cab;taMgBIqñaM
1920 rhUtdl;qñaM 1954. qñaM 1953
eyIg)anÉkraCü dl;qñaM 1955 eKrMlayRkumPUmisaRsþ\NÐÚcinenHecal edayRkumPUmisaRsþenH CaGñkRtYtRbeTsTaMgbI km<úCa-evotNam-Lav. enAeBlRbeTs nImYy² )anÉkraCüeTARkumPUmisaRsþenHRtUvrlay ehIyeTACaPUmisaRsþ
rbs;RbeTsnImYy² vij. eKBuH EckKñaehIy
eKykekrmrtkmk BI)araMgEck[km<úCaEck[
evotNamEck[Lav. vaeTACaRkum PUmisaRsþrbs;km<úCa
rbs;Lav rbs;evotNam dac;edayELkBIKña
eRkayBIeBl eyIg)an ÉkraCümk.
dUecñHehIy)anCaman EpnTIRbePTTI 1 KWEpnTI\NÐÚcin
xñat1¼100>000. b:uEnþEpnTIhñwg
vaGt;manniyamkarehIybec©keTs
Cabec©keTstaMgBIsm½yenaHmk.
eyIgman EpnTIRbePTTI2mYyeTotEdlGaemrikaMge)aHeyIgehAfaEpnTIxñat
1¼50>000 KWvac,as;Cag vamanExSFMCag
ehIyvamanniyamkar eRBaHbec©keTs rbs;vaeRkay)araMg.
dUecñHval¥Cagrbs;
)araMgbnþic b:uEnþþExSRBMEdnénEpnTIenH
minGacykmkeRbICaExSRBMEdn)aneT
eRBaHenAelIEpnTIhñwg eK)ansresry:agc,as;fa
{rdæsImaEdl)anKUrelIEpnTIenH RKan;EtCalkçN³bgðajBMuGacykCa kar)aneLIy}
KWeKykeTAeRbIR)as;kñúgRbtibtþikareyaFa.
ebIeKsresrc,as; EbbenHehIy
etIeyIgykmkeRbIdUcemþc? ]bmafa eyIgykmkeRbIRsab;Et eyIgcMeNjsYrfa
etIPaKImçag eTotRBmeT? eKfaEpnTIenHminEmnCaEpnTI
RBMEdnpgehtudUcemþc )anCaGñkÉgykEpnTIenH
mktv:aTamTarykRBMEdn rbs;´?
dUecñHminGaceRbI)aneT. b:uEnþcMNucEdleyIgeFVIral;éf¶ KWpþit ykExSRBMEdnBIr
KWmYyrbs;)araMg 1¼100>000 nigmYyeTotrbs;Gaemrik vamanniyamkar mankUG½redaeNGacemIl)an vac,as;Cag ehIyvamanlkçN³CaEpnTI
EdlGaceRbIR)as;emIl RBMEdn)an eRBaHvamanxñat
1¼50>000 FMCagBIrdg elIEpnTI 1¼100>000.
ExSEdleyIgTTYlsÁal;KW ExSPUmisaRsþ\NÐÚcin
b:uEnþEpnTIEdleRbICamUldæan KWeyIgyk Rkdas
EpnTI EdlGaemrik)aneFVIeRkay kñúgqñaM 1960
BIeRBaHvamanbec©kviTüax<s;Cagkalrab;sib qñaMmun. dUecñHcMNuc TI2 Edl´)aneqøIyenaH
vaGt;xusc,ab;dUceK)anelIkeLIgenaHeT. TI1
vaGt;man )at;TwkdI vaGt;manb:HBal;dl;bUrNPaBTwkdI ehIyTI2
ebIeyIgBicarNaelITidæPaBc,ab;
KWkic©RBmeRBogTIRkug):arIsmanEt 1maRtaKt;
EdlsresrBIerOghñwg. ebIsinCakic©RBmeRBog
TIRkug):arIs eKsresrfa
eyIg)aneFVIsn§isBaØapþl;Twk pþl;dIdl;
evotNamenaH eKmineFVIEt 1 maRta dUecñHeT
eKR)akdCaniyayc,as;ehIyfa
etIkic©RBmeRBogNaRtUvlubecal b:uEnþkareFVI
maRtaenH RKan;EtelIkCaeKalkarN_eT KWfakm<úCaCardæGFibetyü.
eKcg;bBaöak;fa eyIgman siT§ilub
ebIeKBinitüeTA vab:HBal;dl;b:unµancMNuc
EdleK)anEcgTaMgGs;enaH b:uEnþebIeyIg
BinitüeTA kñúgnamCardæGFibetyü
eyIgCaGñkseRmc favab:H b¤minb:H? tamBitvaGt;
b:HGVIeT. dUecñHeyIgk¾ykKMnithñwgmkdak;
kñúgrdæFmµnuBaØeyIgEdr KWfakic©RBmeRBog
NaEdlb:HBal;dl; ÉkraCü GFibetyü
nigGBüaRkwtPaB bUrNPaB TwkdI
KWeyIgmansiT§ilubecal. enHCa eKalkarN_EtmYy
ehIyeyIgk¾manEcgkñúgrdæFmµnuBaØ Edr
GMBIbBaðaTwkdI hñwg KWeyIgykEpn
TIRkumPUmisaRsþ\NÐÚcin Edlmanxñat 1¼100>000.
ebIeyIgBinitüelIsµartI
EdleyIgmanenAkñúgkic©RBmeRBogTIRkug):arIs
vaRsbKñaenAkñúgsµartI énrdæFmµnuBaØrbs;eyIg
TaMgEpñkEpnTI vaRtUvKñanwgGVIEdleyIgkMBugeFVI. dUecñHvaGt;mancMNuc GIVEdlxusc,ab;enaHeT
nigKµancMNucGIVEdlRtUvelIkeLIgfa
kic©RBmeRBoghñwgvaRtUvnirakrN_ eLIy.
TidæPaBmYyeTot ebIeyIgBinitüeTAelIGnusBaØaTIRkugvIey:nqñaM 1969
sIþBIc,ab;sn§isBaØa enaH vaCasn§isBaØaEdlRbeTsmYycMnYnFM eKÉkPaBKña
niyayEcgBIeKalkarN_epSg²
EdlRtUv eRbIR)as; elIsn§isBaØaTaMgGs;.
tameKalkarN_c,ab; sIþBIsn§isBaØaenH
k¾KµancMNucNaEdlfa cat;Tuk sn§isBaØaqñaM 1982
1983 1985 CaemaX³)aneT KWvamaneKalkarN_mYyFMNas; EdleKehAfa {ebIsuIej:ehIy
RtUvCab;nUvkarsnüaTaMgsgxag} b¤ {kic©snüaRtUvEteKarBedayPaKI EdlcuHhtßelxa}
{Pacta
Sunt Servanda}. ebIeyIgcg;lub eyIgRtUvmankarÉkPaBKña TaMgsgxag
KWeyIgRtUvmanmUlehtuGVImYyc,as;las;.
eKalkarN_epSg² EdlniyayBI suBlPaBén
sn§isBaØaman EcgenAkñúg
Convention de Viénne
qñaM 1969 c,as;las;Nas;. ebIeyIgykmk sikSa
k¾KµaneKalkarN_ NaGacbkRsayfa sn§isBaØaqñaM
1982 1983 1985 RtUvcat;Tukfa xusc,ab;enaHeT.
TaMgGs;enHCakar GtßaFib,ayEdl ´eqøIyeTAnwgsMNYrfa
etIsn§isBaØaqñaM 1982 1983 nig 1985
xusc,ab;eT? vaGt;xusc,ab;eT
ebIBinitüsµartIkic©RBmeRBogTIRkug):arIs
qñaM 1991 nigBinitükareRbIR)as;EpnTIEdlmandak;enAkñúg
rdæFmµnuBaØrbs;eyIg KWeyIgeFVIRtwmRtUv.
ebIBinitüsµartI énGnusBaØaRkugvIey:nqñaM
1969 EdlCac,ab; énsn§isBaØa
Cac,ab;sRmab; RKb;RKgelIsn§isBaØaepSg² enaH
k¾KµancMNucNaEdlGaccat;Tukfa sn§isBaØa qñaM
1982 1983 nig 1985 Casn§isBaØaxusc,ab;eT.
enHCakarbkRsay EdleyIgsikSasuI
CeRmAGMBIbBaðaenH.
eyIgmansn§isBaØaqñaM
1985 sþIBIkarkMNt;RBMEdnrdæehIy ehtuGVI)anCaeyIgRtUveFVIsn§i sBaØabEnßm fµI² enHeTot
KWsni§sBaØabMeBjbEnßméf¶TI 10 tula qñaM 2005
EdleyIgeTIb)ancuH htßelxaenATIRkughaNUy?
BIeRBaHfa ³
TI1- sn§isBaØa KWCaRbPBc,ab;GnþrCatisMxan;CageK.
dUecñH sn§isBaØaRKb;RKgkargarFM² sMxan;² eRBaHfaKµannrNasresrc,ab;mYy[RtUvTaMgGs;enaHeT
enHCamUlehtuEdlsn§isBaØaFM² RtUvEk sRmYl.
eyIgemIlrdæFmµnuBaØCac,ab;FMsRmab;rdæ
KµanrdæFmµnuBaØNaenAelIsklelak
minRtUv)anEksRmYlenaHeT KWBIeBlmYy eTAeBlmYy
sPaBkarN_vavivtþn_ tfPaBvapøas;bþÚr. dUecñH
c,ab;EdlRKb;RKgtfPaBenaH RtUvRKb;RKgsPaBkarN_Cak;EsþgenaH vaRtUvEtGPivDÆ nig
vivtþn_eTAtamsPaBkarN_. ebIc,ab;minvivtþn_
enaHeKnwgehAfa c,ab;hYssm½y. karpøas;bþÚrEdl
eKehAfaviesaFnkmµ karEksRmYl karbMeBjbEnßm
vaCakarFmµta ecosGt;rYc rhUtdl;RbeTsxøH
eKmanEcgkñúgrdæFmµnuBaØrbs;eKfa rdæFmµnuBaØ
RtUvBinitüEks®mYlkñúgrvag 10 qñaM mþg
eRBaHeKmin cg;[rdæFmµnuBaØrbs;eKhYssm½yeT.
dUecñHkarEks®mYl b¤bMeBjbEnßmCakarFmµta.
enHCa cMNucmYyEdl´yl;fa
vaGt;mancMNucGVIEbøkeT
vaCaRBwtþikarN_Fmµta enAkñúgCIvPaBc,ab;
GnþrCati b¤épÞkñúgrbs;RbeTsnImYy².
TI2-karvivtþn_bec©kviTüa
k¾CamUlehtumYyEdlTamTar[eyIg
eFVIkic©RBmeRBogbMeBj bEnßmEdr. sYfa
etIdIvamandUrGIVeT? ERsenAEtCaERs
etIehtuGVI)anCaeyIgfavavivtþn_? eRBaHfadI b¤éRBvaenAes¶ómEmn
b:uEnþCYnkal Tenøvavivtþn__Edr
ehIybec©keTsEdleK eTAvas;enaHvavivtþn_.
dUecñH sm½yEdleyIgeFVIenaH vaeTIbEtcab;epþImman
GPS (Global Positioning System).
GPS
sMxan;Nas; kalNaeyIgmancMNuucmYyenAelIdI
eyIgcg;eTArkelIEpnTI
eyIgRKan;EtcucelI m:asuInhñwgmYyEPøt
eyIgeXIjPøam. kalNamancMNucmYyenAelIEpnTI
cucrkcMNucenAelIdI KWeyIgeXIjPøam. ]TahrN_dUcCaerOgenAPUmidUg
eBleyIgeTA dl;PUmihñwg eyIgeTAdl; pÞHhñwg
ehIyeyIgcg;dwgfavaenARtg;cMNucNakñúgEpnTI
eyIgRKan;Etcuc
GPS
eyIgnwgeXIjPøam dUecñHva Gt;manGVIlak;eT
ehIyeKftmkBIxagelIeRcInRCugNas;. bc©úb,nñ
GPS EdleKeRbI KWeKeRbIR)as; páayrNbdl;eTA 11
)ann½yfa cMNucEdleyIgQrenaH
eK)anbBa©aMgBIpáayrNb dl;eTA 11. dUecñH
eKrkcMNuc 1 hñwgenAelI EpnTI
eKeXIjPøamGt;Bi)akeT. begÁalNabgçit
eyIgeXIjfa bgçitbegÁalNaminbgçit
eyIgeXIjfaminbgçit. kalBIqñaM 1985 1986 1987
1988 enaH
GPS
minTan;rIkcMerIneT. edaysar Etbec©keTslUtlas;
eKGacEks®mYlcMNucxøH
ExSxøHenAelI EpnTIEdleyIg
)anKUskñúgmYyry³eBlmun. dUecñH
karvivtþn_énbec©kviTüa KWvatRmUv[man karvivtþn_ enAkñúgc,ab;Edr
dUcCaBImuneBleyIgcg;emIlEpnTI
eyIgRtUvykRkdasmYymk ladak; elItabøÚ
ehIyeyIgemIl b:uEnþ\LÚvenH eKeRbItamRbB½n§
TI KWeyIgdak;EpnTI TaMgGs;enAkñúg kuMBüÚT½r
TukkñúgRbURkammYy eBlenaHeyIgcg;emIlEpnTINak¾)an. eyIgbBa©Úl 100 b¤ 200 EpnTI
cg;emIlEpnTITIb:unµan eyIgRKan;EtcucelIeQµaH EpnTI enaHeyIgnwgeXIj
cg;b®gYm b¤BRgIk eyIgeXIjPøamvagayRsYlCagkar
ykRkdasmk laemIlq¶ayNas;. enHehIyeKehAfa GPS (Global Positioning System) PUmisaRsþenAkñúg
IT.
kalBIeyIgeFVIqñaM 1985
vaminTan;TMenIb dUcenHeT bc©úb,nñvamanehIy
dUecñHvaCamUlehtuEdl eyIgRtUveFVIkarEks®mYl
RtUvbMeBjbEnßm
eTAelIGVIEdleyIg)aneFVIenAqñaM 1985
eRBaHenAeBlEdleyIgeTAvas;vaFUrCagkalBIqñaM
1986 1988 Edr. ebIvas;GacelOnCag GacRsYlCag
GacmanRbsiT§PaBCag karcmøgEpnTI eFVI
(Transposition)
)ann½yfa karcmøg karepÞr BIEpnTImYy
eTAEpnTImYy BIEpnTI Bonne 1/100.000
eTAelIEpnTI
UTM 1/50.000
k¾gayRsYl CagEdr eday eKeRbI
IT tamry³kuMBüÚT½rTaMgGs;. eKeFVIkarepÞrBImYy eTAmYy
eKKitdl;mIRkug minEmnKitEm:Rt sg;TIEm:RteT
KWeKKitykPaB RtwmRtUvdl;eTAmIRkug.
enHCamUlehtuEdl´cg;bBaöak;fa ehtuGVI)anCaeyIgRtUveFVI sn§isBaØa bEnßm.
TI3- )anCaeyIgeFVIkarbMeBjbEnßm
eRBaHeyIgbBa©ÚlnUveKalkarN_fµI
EdleyIgeRbIR)as; ecjBIc,ab;GnþrCati
ehIyEdlPaKITaMgBIr kalenaHGt;ÉkPaBKña
b:uEnþbc©úb,nñÉkPaB ]TahrN_ dUcCaeKalkarN_
ExSRBMEdnedIrtamTwk b¤Tenø swÞg GUrCaedIm
EdltameKalkarN_ c,ab;GnþrCati
eKfaRtUvEcktamtal;vic b¤ emdüan. ExStal;vic
mann½yfa ExSRClgTwkeRCA. kñúgkrNI EdlTenøenaHGaceFIV navacr)an
KWRClgTwkeRCA enARtg;Na
eyIgTajyktamExSTwkeRCAhñwg. dUecñHkñúgmaRta
1 eyIgniyayGMBIkareRbIeKalkarN_ExSRBMEdn
edIrtamTwk b¤Tenø RBMEdn b¤tamExS kNþal. ´sUmrMlwkfa
kalBIqñaM 1985 eyIgmin)anÉkPaBKña elIcMNuc
hñwgeT Etdl;\LÚv eyIg )anÉkPaBRtg;cMNuchñwg
KWRtUvbBa©ÚlbEnßm. ebIniyayeTAeyIgmindwgfa
etIxagNaeK cMeNj ehIyxagNaeKxateT.
ebIeyIgniyayfa eyIgcMeNjmanEteKxat
ehIyebIeKxat manEteKl¶g; CageyIg
dUecñHminGacniyay)aneT. EtenHCaeKalkarN_c,ab;
GnþrCati EdleyIg TTYl)anTaMgsgxag.
edaysarcMNucenHehIy )anCataMgBIb:unµanqñaMmun
´EtgEteFVIGtßaFib,ay erOgRBMEdn ´eCosvagminEdlniyay
GMBIerOgcMeNj b¤xateT KWRKan;EteRbIBaküfa
eyIgGac TTYlyk)an. tamkarBit ´sUmbBaöak;fa
eyIgGt;manxateT ehIytamExSTwkhñwg
vaeFVI[ eyIgmankargayRsYleRcIn
eRBaHkEnøgxøHCak;Esþg eyIgRtUvkarTwkeRbI
eyIgerobbUmTwk eyIgRtUv eTAsuMeK
b:uEnþebIeyIgykeKalkarN_fµI
mkKUsExSenAkEnøgExSRBMEdnedIrtamTwk b¤Tenø
swÞghñwg enaHeyIg nwgmin)ac;eTAsuMGVIeToteT.
TwkhñwgeyIgk¾eRbI)an ehIyeKk¾eRbI)an
eRBaHRBMEdnenA cMBak;kNþal b¤RClgTwkeRCA.
enHKWCacMNucfµI EdleyIgdak;bBa©ÚleTAkñúg
sni§sBaØa éf¶TI 10 Ex tula qñaM 2005 enH.
cMNucd¾l¥mYyeTot KWPaKITaMgsgxagÉkPaB
BinitüExSEdleyIgcmøg eLIgvij
eTaHbICaeyIgeFVItaMgBIqñaM 1986-87-88 k¾eday
k¾eyIgGac BinitüeLIgvij)anEdr
ehIykarEdleyIgeRbIBaküfa svnkmµ KWeyIgBinitü
eLIgvij)anTaMgGs;. enHCacMNucsMxan;
EdleyIgdak;cUleTAkñúgsni§sBaØa bMeBjbEnßmenH.
cMNucsMxan;mYyeTotKw
eyIgykEpnTIEdl eyIgmanBImun mksikSa
eyIgeXIjmancMNuc 7 EdlelcecjBIPaBmin
c,as;las; énEpnTI xñat 1¼100>000
eRBaHfaEpnTITMagGs; man 26pÞaMg
ehIykalBIqñaM 1964 eyIgykmkbiTtPöab;Kña
vaeFVI[mancMNucminc,as;las; 7 cMNuc.
eyIgcrca suMBinitü 7 cMNuceLIgvij
eKÉkPaBBinitü eLIgvijmþg 1 cMNuceRkaymkeK
)anÉkPaBnwgeyIg 6 cMNuc ehIyenAsl;Et
1 cMNuceTot enAextþmNÐlKIrI EdlvamanTMhMxusKñaFMeBk enARtg;cMNucb‘UR)ag xusKñaRbEhl 50 KILÚEm:Rtkaer:
xusKñaRtg; cenøaHTenø dak;h‘Ut nig Tenø
dak;dag. ExSEpnTIEdl )araMgKUsBImunmk
KWeKKUsExSRBMEdnedIrtamTenødak;dag
EdleFVI[tMbn;b‘UR)ag eTACarbs; evotNam
edayeKePøcfa enAqñaM 1914 GKÁeTsaPi)al)araMg
)anecjesckþIseRmc mYyfa ExSRBMEdnenA
tMbn;hñwgRtUvedIrtam Tenødak;h‘Ut
EdleFVI[dIenAb‘UR)agkøayCarbs;eyIg. dUecñH
CECkKñaGt;RtUv eRBaHevotNam eKsMGagelIEpnTI
ehIykm<úCaeyIgsMGagelI
esckþIseRmc rbs;GKÁeTsaPi)al)araMgqñaM 1914. rhUtdl;éf¶TI 10 Ex tula qñaM 2005
eyIgelIk esckþIseRmc ykcMNucb‘UR)ag TuksRmab;BiPakSaelIkeRkay
eRBaH\LÚveyIgk¾min Tan;RBm
ehIyxagevotNamk¾minTan;RBm TaMgGs;enHmkBIehtuGVI? mkBIGñkPUmisaRsþsm½y enaHKat;xöil.
BImun EpnTIKUsmkGBa©wgEmn b:uEnþdl;qñaM 1914
GKÁeTsaPi)al)anecjesckþI seRmc
ehtuGVIKat;minKUstamenaHeTA? erOgenaH
GñkPUmisaRsþKat;RtUve)aHBum<eLIg vij ehIye)aHedayKUsEpnTItamesckþIseRmc
rbs;GKÁeTsaPi)al)araMg. b:uEnþfaGñk PUmisaRsþ)araMg cuHKat;xöil BIeRBaHqñaM
1954-55 eKrMlayKat; cuHeRkayqñaM 1955 dl;Gñk
PUmisaRsþExµrehIy
ehtuGVIGñkPUmisaRsþExµrenAEtxöil
Gt;x©IEkRkdasEpnTI. dUecñH cMNucenH
eyIgenAEtbnþkarcrca.
TaMgGs;Edl´erobrab;Gm,aj; mijenH
KWfaeyIgmaneRcIncMNucNas; man
mUlehtueRcIncMNucEdleyIgRtUvEteFVIkic©RBmeRBog
bEnßmeRBaHGñkxøHq¶l;Nas;fa
mankic© RBmeRBogqñaM 1985 ehIy
ehtudUcemþccaM)ac;eFVIbEnßm eFVIGVI?
enHCamUlehtuc,as;las; Edl eyIgRtUvEteFVIbEnßm
edayEp¥kelImUlehtuepSg² dUc
Edl´)anCRmabxagelI.
GMBIbBaðaekaHRtl; EdleKecaTfa
bc©úb,nñeyIgeFVIeGay)at;ekaHRtl;
etIekaHRtl;va y:agem:c?
etIeyIgeFVIeGay)at;ekaHRtl;Emnb¤?
enHCaEpnTIekaHRtl;
EdlmankarcuHhtßelxakñúgsm½ysgÁmraRsþniymqñaM
1964 Edl RBHkruNa elak)anelIkeLIgfa
elak)andak;EpnTIeTAtMkl;enAGgÁkarshRbCaCati
ehIy)an dak;eTA[sßanTUtshrdæ Gaemrik éf
evotNamxagt,Úg evotNamxageCIg
EdlmankarcuHhtß elxaelak]tþmesnIy_
gin kaert
Ca RbFanRkumPUmisaRsþkm<úCa
ehIyKat;manGnuKat; mñak; eTotKWelak]tþmesnIy_
em:A pat
EdlsuM[eKTTYl sÁal;ExSbnÞat;eRbvIey.
enHCakar sMxan;Nas;
sRmab;ExSbnÞat;eRbvIeyhñwg. RbvtþiekaHRtl;
KWCacMNucsMxan; enAkñúgkar GtßaFib,ayenH
eRBaHeK)anecaTRbkan;fa
eyIg)an[ekaHRtl;eTAevotNam
tamry³kic©RBmeRBog qñaM 1982. Et\LÚvkarBitvay:agdUcemþc?
enAqñaM1949 enAsPa)araMgenATIRkug)a:rIs
eKe)aHeqñat RbKl;kUsaMgsuIn eTAeGayevotNam
ehIyenAqñaM 1939 elakGKÁeTsaPi)al eRbvIey
elak)an KUsExSeRbvIey. dUecñHkñúgsm½yenaH
etIkUsaMgsuInCaGVI? KWCaTwkdIrbs;)araMgenAÉnaysmuRT )an n½yfa CadIGaNaniKmniym)araMg.
taMgBIqñaM 1873 stvtSTI 19
høÜgneratþm
)ancuHhtßelxa elIGnusBaØakMNt;RBMRbTl;rvagkm<úCa
nigkUsaMgsuIn. rhUtdl;qñaM 1949
GKÁnayk rbs;Rkum PUmisaRsþ\NÐÚcin)aneFVIGtßaFib,ayfa
kare)aHbegÁal enaHcat;TukCa RBMEdn Rsbc,ab;.
rhUt eRkay² mkeTot BuM)ane)aHbegÁalfµIGVI
eToteT KWeKkMNt;ykbegÁal taMgBIsm½yenaHmk
dUcCa enAERBkCIkvijet.
kñúgesovePAEpnTIvijetqñaM1893 eBlenaH
kUsaMgsuInCarbs;)araMg ehIy BImun eyIgehAfahaeTog ExµreyIgehABam. ExµreyIgEdlCa
ecAhVayextþkMBtCa GñkRKb;RKg ekaHRtl;.
b:uEnþmindwgeday mUlehtuGVI
esovePAxøHsresrfa Kat;Gt;eTATarBn§enAekaHRtl; eBlenaHelak eRbvIey
faExµrGt;eTAemIl eKk¾seRmc[eTAecAhVayextþhaeTogvij.
dUecñH eKepÞrBIkMBt eTAhaeTog qñaM 1939
ehIyKat;KUsExSenH edayKat;niyayc,as;fa
ExSenHCa ExSEbgEckkarRKb;RKgrdæ)al
nigb:UlIselIekaH )ann½yfa ekaHTaMgLayNa
EdlenAxagt,Úg ExSenH rab;TaMgekaHRtl;pg
Carbs;evotNam ehIyekaH
TaMgLayNaenAxageCIgExS Carbs; km<úCa
EdlenAkñúgenaH ebIeyIgrab;TaMgtUcTaMgFM man
51 ekaH . dUecñH ekaHBUlUév:enAxageCIg
ehIyekaH BUlU):an;y:ag b¤fUCUenAxagt,Úg
GVIEdlc,as;enaH
KWekaHTaMgenaHsßitenAkñúgEpnTIqñaM 1964
EdlsuIej:eday
gin kaert
eyIgsuM[eKTTYlsÁal; ExSeRbvIeyhñwg
ehIyeyIgdak;eTA GgÁkarshRbCaCati
RbKl;[sßanTUtGaemrik éf
nigsaFarN rdæRbCaFibetyüevotNam [rdæaPi)al
evotNamxagt,Úg KWEpnTIqñaM 1964 . dUecñH
EpnTIqñaM 1939 enaH RKan;EtKUs bBa¢ak;BIkarRKb;RKgEpñkrdæ)al
nigEpñkb:UlIselIekaHkñúgQUgsmuRT esom
RbKl;eTA[ haeTog KWRbKl;eTA[kUsaMgsuIn. qñaM
1949 sPashB½n§rbs; )araMg Edl
RKb;RKgEdndIÉnaysmuRTenaH KWeKRbCuMseRmcfa
etIRbKl;kUsaMgsuIn [evotNam b¤RtUv[km<úCa .
enAeBlenaHtMNagkm<úCa KWRBHGgÁm©as;
yuKn§r BIgBag
CaGñkEdlFøab;mankarts‘U RbqaMg)araMgEdr
Kat;minh‘ane)aHeqñat fa kUsaMgsuIn
CadIrbs;ExµreT Kat;EbrCae)aHGnub,vaT
dUecñaHehIyeFVI[sPashB½n§eKGnum½t
c,ab;enaH)an ehIybnÞab;mk rdæsPa)araMg
)anGnum½tc,ab; bBa©ÚlkUsaMgsuIneTA [evotNam
BIeRBaHeBlenaHeKcg;CYyRBHecA e)Aday
[QñHelak
hUCImij.
enHCacMNucsMxan;Nas; EdlTak;TgnwgekaHRtl;.
cMeBaHekaHRtl;pÞal;
eyagtamniekçbbTrbs;semþcRkumRBHfa
taMgBIstvtSTI 17 esþc evotNam GFiraC
muijmuaMg
)ansuIej:RbKl;ekaHRtl;
mk[efAEkkasuINU CnCaticinmñak;
EdlmkrksuIenATIenaH. qñaM 1939 k¾mankarepÞr
karRKb;RKgtamry³ExSeRbvIeyeTA[xag kUsaMgsuIn
ehIycab;taMgBIqñaM 1964 manclna
esñI[TTYlsÁal;ExSeRbvIey CaExSRBMEdn. dUecñH
ebIeyIgKitBIrbbkan;kab; rbs;km<úCaenAkñúgqñaM
1964 ExSeRbvIey nigPsþútagEdlman cuHhtßelxa
rbs;
gin kaert
edayPöab;CamYynwglixitepSg² EdlesñIsuM[
eKTTYlsÁal; EpnTIdIeKak nigEpnTITwk
ehIyEpnTIdIeKak KWEpnTIqñaM 1964
EdleyIgeRbIR)as; rhUtmkdl; sBVéf¶enH vaman
26pÞaMg tMerobtP¢ab;cUlKña
dUcEdl´)anCRmabCUn taMgBIxagedIm enaHeyIg
eXIjc,as;TaMgdIeKak nigdITwk.
rbbsgÁmraRsþniymqñaM 1964 manRBwtþib½RteQµaH
"Le Sangkum" )anpSaykarsnÞna rbs;RBHkruNa nigelak
paM v:an;dug
naykrdæm®nþIevotNam karsnÞnarvagRBHkruNa
nigelak Rtan b‘YyKam
(Tran Bun Kiem)
EdlCaRbFanrNsirS rMedaHCatixagt,Úg enAqñaM
1966 . enAkñúgkarcrcaTaMgBIrenaH RBHkruNa
suT§Et)anbBaöak;fa ExS RBMEdneyIg
Edl)araMg)anKUs vaminsuRkwteT
b:uEnþkñúgplRbeyaCn_sniþPaB eyIgRtUvEteronsURt TTYlyknUvGVI Edl)araMg)anbnSl;TukmkenH
ehIyelakmanbBaöak;eTotfa ebITTYlyk
ehtuGVIk¾min TTYlykEpnTIqñaM 1964
EdleKTTYlsÁal;TaMg épÞdI nigépÞTwk.
RBHkruNa)an bBaöak;eTotfa ´nwgminTamTar
ekaHRtl; nig ekaHÉeTotEdlkan;kab;edayevotNam
xagt,Úg vijeT enAkñúgCMnYbCamYyelak
paM v:an;dug
nigCa mYyelak Rtan b‘YyKam
(Tran Bun Kiem)
k¾manBakühñwgEdr. dUecñH )ann½yfa
sm½ysgÁmraRsþniym k¾ExS eRbvIey
ehIyeRkaymksm½y ExµrRkhm kñúgGtßbTsmmitþ
hug
sm½ykm<úCaRbCaFibetyü k¾eKesñIyktam
ExSeRbvIey rhUtmkdl;sm½yrdækm<úCa qñaM1982
k¾dUcKñaEdr KWeyIgykExS
eRbvIeyenHtamry³kic© RBmeRBog qñaM 1982.
\LÚvsm½ybc©úb,nñ énrdæaPi)al
cRmuHraCaNacRkTI 2
k¾eyIgesñIyk ExSeRbvIeyenHEdr.
enAqñaM 1999
RBHkruNa)anepJIsarCUnelak
paM va:n;dug
EdleBlenaH Canaykrdæm®nþI KWRBHkruNa )anbUksrubenAkñúgsarqñaM
1999 enaHc,as;Nas;. RBHkruNa)ansrubfa
kalBIrdæaPi)al´ kalBIsm½y´enaH
k¾)anesñIykExSeRbvIey rhUtmkdl;sm½yrdækm<úCa
k¾esñIykExSenHEdr. \LÚvenH ´sUmesñICafµImþgeTot
qñaM 1999
suMÉk]tþmeFVIya:gdUcemþc[evotNamTTYlyk ExSeRbvIey.
dUecñH ebIeyIgKiteTArbbsgÁmraRsþniym rbbkm<úCaRbCaFibetyü
rbbrdækm<úCa eyIgeRkayqñaM 1979 rhUtmkdl;
qñaM 1991 Edlmankic©RBmeRBog TIRkug )a:rIs
nigenAeRkay qñaM 1993
k¾eyIgenAEtesñIExSeRbvIey )ann½yfarbb
rdæaPi)al 4 CMnan;ehIy
EdlesIñyk ExSeRbvIeyenH.
manEtsm½ysaFarNrdæExµr rbs;elak ln; nl;
eT enAqñaM 1972 Edlelak s‘an eb:gEs
enAEtniyayCa erogral;éf¶ TamTarykExS72
ehIyecaTfa eyIgeFVIeGay)at; TwkdI 10>000
KILÚEm:Rtkaer:. etIExSrbs;saFarNrdæExµrenaH
vaya:gdUcemþc? enHniyayGMBI erOgekaHRtl;enaH.
ExSrbs;saFarNrdæExµr
CakareqIøytbeTAnwgExSqñaM 1971
BYkevotNam FIvKI )anKUsCaÉketaPaKI ¬bgðajEpnTI¦
kat;BIelI EdleyIg faExSeRbvIeyenARtg;enH
EtevotNam FIvKI KUsykdIrbs;eyIgGs;mYycMehog
)ann½yfa mYycMehogenH FIvtI
ykGs; ehIy. ebIeyIgKiteTAGs;eRcInKILÚEm:RtNas;
Gs;TaMgekaHBUlUév:pgEdr. tamc,ab;smuRT
GnþrCati qñaM 1982 eKniyayfa
rdænImYy²mansiT§iKUsRBMEdnxøÜnCaÉketaPaKI
bu:EnþsMxan;fa etIrdæEdlmankar Bak;B½n§enaH
eKTTYlsÁal;b¤eT ? ebIeKminTTYlsÁal;
etIeyIgeTAeFVIkarCamYy nrNa? ]TahrN_ dUc
FIvKI )an KUsExSdUcenH
etIeyIgTTYlsÁal;Edrb¤eT? eyIgminTTYl sÁal;eT
eRBaHKat;)anKUsykekaHeyIgGs;eTAehIy
éfk¾eKminTTYlsÁal;Edr eRBaHvaCan;CamYy éfEdr.
dl;qñaM 1972 elak ln; nl;
KUsmþg CaÉketaPaKIEdr ¬bgðajtamEpnTI¦.
karKUsdUcenH vamankarRtYtelIKñaCamYy evotNam
KWCan;KñaFMNas; cenøaHTaMgenHsuT§EtCa
kEnøgEdlRtYtKña dUcenH mþúMRtg; RtYtKñaenH
mindwgCarbs;RbeTsNaeT eRBaHeyIgfa Carbs;eyIg
ehIy evotNam faCarbs;eK EtcMeBaHelak s‘an
eb:gEs
)anGHGagBIRsuk)araMgmkfa Carbs;Kat;
eRBaHKat;ecaT eyIgfa
eFIV[)at;bg;TwkdITaMgGs;enH. enAqñaM 1973
éfcab;epþIm KUsykmþg KWKat;KUsCaÉketaPaKIEdr
eRBaHKat;eXIjeyIg nigevotNamKUsCa ÉketaPaKI
¬bgðajrUbkñúgEpnTI¦. dUecñH vaCan;CamYyeyIg
ekIteTACa tMbn;RtYtKñarvagkm<úCa-éf
ehIyebI CamYy evotNam
FIvKI
¬enAkñúgEpnTI¦ KWCatMbn;RtYtKña km<úCa-evotNam
EtGVITaMgGs;enH RtUv)anecaleTAehIy BIeRBaHrbb
FIvKI
RtUv)anbBa©b;eTAehIy. cMENkevotNam bc©úb,nñ
k¾eKminniyayGMBIExSenHeTotEdr
eKRKvat;;ecaleTAehIy. enHCacMNucmYy
Edl´sUmbBa¢ak; sIþBIbBaða énekaHRtl;.
enAeBlKUsExSeTA vamankarCan;Kña
ehIyEdleKecaTeyIgfa eFVI[)at; dImYycMehogenH
¬bgðajkñúgEpnTI¦. eyIgKitemIlfa
eyIgKUsxøÜnÉg ehIyeyIgERsk
fa)at; GBa©wgetIeyIgTTYlyk)aneT?
ebIeyIgminEdlcrcaCamYyeKpg. RbsinebIeyIgeRbobeFob CMnan;TaMg 5
edayKittaMgBIsm½ysgÁmraRsþniym
rhUtmkdl;eBlenH KWvaman 5 CMnan;mk ehIy.
bYnCMnan;eKniyayBIExSeRbvIey manEt CMnan;
ln; nl;
eT EdlniyayBIExSEdlKat; KUsCaÉketaPaKI
dUecñHkarecaTfa kic©RBmeRBogqñaM 1982
eFVI[)at;ekaHRtl;enaH
vaminmankarBit Tal;EtesaH. bYnCMnan;
eKniyayEtBIExSeRbvIeydUcKña dUcenH
vaCacMNucxøaMgc,as;las;Nas;.
enHCacMNucmYyeTot
EdlmankarBak;B½n§CamYyekaHRtl;enaHEdr
KWeyIgeXIjfataMgBI stvtSTI 17 esþcevotNam
EdlKat;minmansiT§ienAelIekaHRtl; enaH
Kat;eTAcuHhtßelxa[ m:ak; KU EdlCaemkasuINU CnCaticin RKb;RKgekaHRtl; CMnan;enaH. qñaM
1939 elak eRbvIey
GKÁeTsaPi)al)araMg EdlRKb;RKg\NÐÚcinenaH )anecjesckþIseRmcepÞrekaHRtl;eTA[
kUsaMgsuIn. cab;taMgBIqñaM 1964 mk
dUcEdl´)anelIkxagelIenaH KW 4 rbb
Edl)an elIkeLIgBI ExSeRbvIey
ehIyRBHkruNa
k¾Føab;)anBnül; eRcInNas;kñúgkarsnÞna CamYy
paM va:n;dug
CamYy nwgelak Rtan b‘YyKam
(Tran Bun Kiem)
faExSEdl)araMgKUsmkenaH minsuRkwteT bu:EnþeyIgRtUvEtTTYlyktamsßanPaBEdlmanenaH
sßanPaBEdl)araMg
)anbnSl;TukmkenaH dUcenH
´mintva:BIerOg ekaHRtl;eT
ehIy´esñITTYlykExSeRbvIey. enHGacbBa¢ak;fa
CacMNucc,as;las;enAkñúgbBaðaekaHRtl;
ÉkUsaMgsuInk¾dUcKñaEdr
ebIeyIgBinitü kare)aHeqñatenAqñaM 1949
k¾eyIgGacyl;)anBIkarvivtþn_rbs; kUsaMgsuInEdr. KN³RbtiPU EdltMNagenAkñúgsPashB½n§)araMg enAEx mIna qñaM 1949 minTaMgh‘ane)aHeqñatfa
enaHCadI Exµrpg ehIyEbrCae)aHGnub,vaT eTAvij.
bnÞab;BIenaHmk eKecjc,ab;bBa©Úl
Rattachement KWdak;dIkUsaMgsuIn eTAkñúgrdæshB½n§
Etats Associées
eTAkñúgRbeTsevotNam mansiTi§bRmug
(Réserve)
mYyEdleKelIkeLIgfa
enAeBlEdlRbeTsevotNamdUrlkçnþik³BI rdæshB½n§
Etats Associées
enaH kUsaMgsuInRtUvdUr lkçnþik³Edr
eRBaHvacUleTAkñúg rdæshB½n§
Etats Associées
enaH . enAeBlEdlevotNam dUrlkçnþik³enaH KWGacBinitüeLIgvij BIbBaðakUsaMgsuIn.
dUecñH eyIgemIlfa etIeKdUrlkçnþik³enAeBlNaxøH? KWdUrenAqñaM 1954 mþg enAsniñsIT
RkughSWENv
(Genève)
EdlniyayGMBI karEbgEck evotNamCaBIr
ehIydUrmþgeTotenAqñaM 1975 niyayGMBI
karbBa©Úl evotNamTaMgBIr [eTACa evotNamEtmYy
KWCakarEdleKeFVIkarbRgYbbRgYmCati enAqñaM
1975. eyIgmin)antva:eTenAkñúgqñaM 1975 enaH
Gt;)anelIkeLIg GMBIsiT§ibRmugenaHeT
ehIydUcEdl)anbBa¢ak;enAkñúg ÉksarxagedIm
EdlCar)aykarN_GtßaFib,ay rbs;GKÁnayk RkumPUmisaRsþ\NÐÚcin.
eK)anbBa¢ak;fakare)aH RBMEdn qñaM 1873
enaHva)ankøayeTACaRBMEdn eTAehIyrvag
kUsaMgsuInnigkm<úCa minEmnmkBI)at;siT§ibRmug
Réserve enAqñaM 1982 eT. TaMgenHCa sPaBkarN_Edl
vivtþn_mkCabnþbnÞab;. enAqñaM 1975
enAkñúgkar bRgYbbRgYmCatienaH
k¾minmaneXIjGñkNaelIkBIsiT§ibRmugTuk
(Réserve)
enaH Edr dUecñHminEmnenAqñaM 1982 KWCaelIk
dMbUgénkarmin)aneFVIkarb®mugTukenaHeT
enHCacMNucEdl´sUmeFVIkar bkRsay.
\LÚveyIgsYrfa
ehtuGVI)anCaeyIgbþwgGñkkaEstbu:nµannak;enaH?
eRBaHfabu:nµanéf¶enH eKeFVI yuT§nakar
GMBIerOgenHxøaMgNas;. eKelIkeLIgfa
raCrdæaPi)al eFVI[siT§iesrIPaBxag
sarB½t’man enH edIrfyeRkay
eRBaHeyIg)anbþwgelak s‘an eb:gEs
bþwgelak m:m sUNg;dU
elak
r:ug Qun
elak
Ca munñI
elak
eGo can;Na
elak
Em:n Nat
nigRBHGgÁm©as;
suIsuvtßi Fmµieka
BIerOgbBaðaRBMEdnenH edayeKfa
enHCabBaðasiT§I esrIPaB kñúgkarbeBa©jmti.
dUcEdl´)anelIkykmk GtßaFib,ayBIxagedImehIyfa
RbeTsnImYy² vaman cMNucresIb rbs;vaepSg²Kña.
dUecñH
ebIeyIgha‘neTAPUtkuhk BIerOgePrvkmµenAGaemrik
enA Gg;eKøsniyay GMBIPaBGviC¢man GMBIKm<IrkUra:n;
enAmCÄimbUBa’
GMBIerOghVas;suIsenARbeTs)araMg b¤enAGWr:ubenaH KWeKmanc,ab; manTmøab;rbs;eKxøaMg
BiessEdleKcat;Tukfa
vaCabBaðaresIb rbs;RbeTseK
nigCabBaðaGayuCIvit rbs;eK. enAkm<úCaeyIg
dUcEdl´)anelIkeLIg bBaðaTwkdI enHvapSarP¢ab;eTAnwgbBaðak,t;Cati
KWeKecaTeyIgfa k,t;Cati lk;TwkdI[eK.
enHCabBaðaresIb EdlditCab;kñúgpñt;KMnit rbs;RbCaBlrdæ
taMgBIRbvtþisaRsþmk. dUecñHkarykbBaðaenHmk elgesIc mkeFIVCa]bkrN_ neya)ay
minEmnCakarbriharekrþ×FmµtaeT
minEmnCasiT§iesrIPaB xagkarbeBa©j
mtiCaFmµtaTUeTAenaHeT.
BImunmkKat;Føab;niyaybMepøIs kuhk
Kat;Føab;Tieton Føab;ecaT
Rbkan;CaeRcInmkehIy
cuHehtuemþc)anCamineXIjraCrdæaPi)albþwgKat;?
ebIbþwgKat;enaH KWGacbþwg Caerogral;éf¶ [EtKat;briharekrþ×
EteyIgminbþwgpþl; eTelIerOg
EdlminEmnCa erOgresIbrbs;
raCrdæaPi)alrbs;RbeTs. bu:EnþkarelIkeLIgenH
vahYsBIsiT§iesrIPaBFmµta
dUc´elIk]TahrN_Gm,aj;mijGBa©wgelak
LE PEN
RKan;Et karBarGUsVIt bnþicesaH
eKkat;eTas dksiTi§Gñkneya)ay.
GñkdMeNIr)araMgniyayelgerOgmanRKab;EbkelI
ynþehaH CamYyGñkbeRmI elIynþehaH
k¾eKcab;dak;KukEdr. GBa©wgvaCabBaðaresIb
CabBaðabgáclacl vaCakar EdlTaj sPaBkarN_enH
[QaneTAmux eTArkGsißrPaBeTArkPaBekalahl.
dUecñH eyIgcaM)ac;man viFankar
Tb;sáat;c,as;las; vaminEmnCabBaða
siTi§esrIPaBCaTUeTA
vaminEmnCabBaðasarB½t’man CaTUeTAenaHeT
BIeRBaH eTAecaT naykrdæm®nþIfa CaCnk,t;Cati
lk;TwkdIenaH minEmnCabBaðaFmµta EdleyIgGac
bENþtbeNþay nigRBegIykenþIy)aneLIy.
ehtuenHehIy eTIbeyIg)anyk viFankarpøÚvc,ab;
eyIgminmaneFVIGVIEdlxusc,ab;eT enHCanItirdæ.
eyIgbþwgeTAtulakar eyIgBinitü bTelµIsrbs;Kat;
emFavIrbs;raCrdæaPi)albþwgeTAtulakarfa
eQµaHenH elakenH KW)anRbRBwtþ kMhusEbbenH
dUcenHvaCakargarrbs;tulakar Edlelakyl;fa
Kat;eFVIxus eTAnwgc,ab; énmaRtaNamYy
tulakarelakmankarseRmc
dUcCatulakar)araMgkat;eTaselak
LE PEN
eTaHKat; CaKNbkSRbqaMg
FMCageKenARsuk)araMgk¾eday.
mancMNucmYyeTot \LÚveyIgBinitüfa
etIBYkEdlRbqaMgeyIgenH
Kat;eRbITLIðkrN_GVIxøH edIm,IecaTRbkan;eyIg.
etImanGVIEdlCakarsikSaEsVg yl;hµt;ct;rbs;Kat;?
ehIyecaTRbkan; y:agmaMTaMfaeyIg lk;dIenaH?
faeyIgk,t;CatienaH? ebIBinitüeTA
KWKµanGVIhµt;ct; Tal;EtesaH.
elak s‘an
eb:gEs
Kat;niyayEtBI erOgExS 1972 rbs;Kat;
EdlCaExSÉketaPaKI énrbb ln; nl;
EtmYy. cMNucTI 2 EdleKelIkeLIg
enAkñúgTLIðkrN_fa kic©RBmeRBogqañM 1985 enH
vaminRsbc,ab; . ehtuenHehIy eTIb´niyayfa
eKKµan TLIðkrN_GVI rwgmaMfa vamin Rsbc,ab;
RtUvnirakrN_enaHeT
nigRtUvcat;Tukkic©RBmeRBogqñaM 1985 enaHxuseLIy. cMNucmYy eTot eKecaTRbkan;fa
eyIgRbKl;ekaHRtl;[eTA evotNamtamry³
kic©RBmeRBogqñaM 1982. Rtg;bBaðaenH ´)anCRmabCUnc,as;las; rYcehIyGMBIerOgekaHRtl;enaH.
tamBittaMgBIstvtSTI
17 ehIyeRkay
mkenAqñaM1939 EdleyIgmanÉksar c,as;las;Nas;
KWelak eRbvIey )anRbKl;[eTAkUsaMgsuIn.
cab;BIqñaM 1964 mk
eyIg)anesñITTYlykExSeRbvIey eTAehIy
EtevotNameKminRBm. enHCacMNuclM)akmYyeTotEdr
EdlevotNamminyl;RBm ehIymanRkwtürbs;RBHkruNa
suraRmit mYyeTot EdleyIgeTIbrkeXIj
ehIyeyIg pSaykal BIyb;mijenH. enAqñaM 1957
høÜgsuraRmit )anecj RBHraCRkwtümYyTTYlsÁal;ExStal;vic ExSRClg TwkeRCA
enAxageCIgCitekaHRtl; enaH
edIm,I[eFVIcracr)an ¬bgðajEpnTI¦.
evotNam mincg;)anExSeRbvIey eT BIeRBaHTwkvarak;
ebIkbrk)a:l;CuMvijekaHRtl;minekIt.
ebIeyIgKiteTA ExStal;vic enH
vaenAxageRkAeRbvIeyeTot
ehIyeyIgBinitüeTAeXIjfa eyIgxatxøaMgNas;.
EtenHmin)ankMNt;CaEpnTIRBMEdnrdæeT
EtCaExSTwkeRCA sRmab;ebIkbrk)a:l;. dUcenH
KWeyIgeRbI RClgTwkeRCA edIm,IkMNt;sRmab;
eFVIcracredayesrI. bBaðaenHehIy
EdlvaCab;KMnitenHtaMgBIqñaM 1957 mk
Edlcg;)anRClgTwkeRCAenaH edIm,ImanPaBgayRsYlkñúgkarebIkbr k)a:l;.
bBaðaTaMg enHehIy EdlGacniyay)anfa
CakarExVgKMnitKña
EdleyIgminTan;edIrdl;karRBmeRBogKñaelI
ExSeRbvIey. etIral;éf¶enHeyIgkMBugeFVIGVI?
eyIgkMBugbnþkarcrca KWeyIgenAEtsMu[evotNam
TTYlykExS eRbvIeyenH
cMENkÉevotNamenAEtminRBm ehIyTamTarEtExS
smcm¶ayenaH dUcEdl´)anCRmabCUnBIxag edImRsab;.
\LÚvenH
eyIgBinitüTLIðkrN_rbs;GñkEdlecaTmkeyIg.
BImSilmijenH eyIg B¤sUrecj KMnitmYyeTot
edayecaTfa eyIglk;TwkdIkEnøgERBkCIk
vijet[evotNameTotehIy. etIva ya:gdUcemþc
GMBIbBaðaERBkCIkvijetenH? ¬bgðajEpnTI¦.
enHCaEpnTI
EdlRBHkruNadak;tMkl; enAGgÁkarshRbCaCati.
enHCaExS 64 taMgBIsm½yeyIgkMNt;
kUsaMgsuInmkemø:H BIeRBaHva enAkñúgextþkMBt
nigextþtaEkv RbEvg 40 KILÚEm:Rt. ERBkenHlat
sn§wgBIcUvdukdl;smuRT EdlmanRbEvgRbEhl 40
KILÚEm:Rt. \LÚveKecaTeyIgfa eFVI[)at;dI
1>700Em:Rt CaBiesseK elIkeLIgGMBIRckTVarRBMEdnenAextþtaEkvenHmuneK
KWenAPñMdin RsukKIrIvg; extþtaEkv enHEtmþg.
etIkarBitvaya:gdUcemþc? ¬bgðajEpnTI¦.
EpnTIenH taMgBIqñaM 1893 eKdak;fa
L’arrondissement du Chau Doc
KWenAkñúgextþcUvduk eFVIeday
GKÁeTsaPi)al\NÐÚcin
(Gouverneur Général).
eKe)aHBum<taMgBI stvtS TI 19
minTan;cUldl;stvtSTI 20ÉeNaH KWEp¥kelIGnusBaØaqñaM
1873 Edl
høÜgneratþm
)anLayRBHhsþelxaCamYynwg)araMg
ehIyeK ecHEteFVIEpnTIbnþ taMgBIqñaM 1873 mk.
enHCaEpnTIeFVIenAqñaM 1893
etIEpnTIenHvadUcemþc? ¬cg¥úlExSRBMEdnkñúgEpnTI
nigERBkCIkvijet¦ )ann½yfava ¬ERBkCIkvijet¦
enAkñúgdI evotNam taMgBIsm½yenaHmkem:øH
ehIyeTIbEtmkecaTeyIgfa eFVI[)at;
dIBIERBkCIkvijet 1>700 Em:Rt enH.
GñkEdlfaenaH Kat;min)ansikSa min)anyl;GMBI
bBaðaRBMEdneT
KWKat;niyaytamkar EdlKat;nwkeXIjEtmþg.
eKmanEpnkar eRbIR)as;bBaðaRBMEdn
edIm,Ibgáclacl Etbu:eNÑaH ehIyKat;faEtmþg [EtB¤
tamEteKniyay eKfakEnøgNa KWKat;fakEnøgenaH.
\LÚvKat;niyayfa ERBkCIkvijetenaH
eyIglk;dI[eK TTwg 1>700m beNþay 40 K>m.
ebIKit TTwg 1>700m beNþay 40K>m
etIvabu:nµanhiktaeTA KWGs;eRcInsem,ImNas;
ebIniyaydUcKat;enaH. GVIEdlKat; niyayenaH
vapÞúyeTAnwgkarBit enHeyIgmanEpnTI
cuHebIeyIgKµanGVIsMGag KµanGVIbBa¢ak;;CUn mtisaFarN³vijenaH
eBlenaHeyIgnwgkøayeTACaGVI EdldUcKat;faenaHehIy.
enHeKehAfa ebomQam®BYsdak;eK.
etIraCrdæaPi)aleTAeFVIdUcemþc
ebIeKkMNt;taMgBIyUrmk
ehIy)araMgkMNt; mkGBa©wg høÜgneratþm
)anLayRBHhsþelxataMgBIqñaM 1873 ÉeNaH
ehIyEfmTaMgman e)aH begÁal cMnYn 124 begÁal
tambeNþaykUsaMgsuIn taMgBIeRkayqñaM 1873mk
etI[eyIgeFVI dUcemþc ebIvaCab;taMgBIenaHmk?
vaKµanGVIEdllM)akkñúgkarbBa¢ak;eT
dak;EtEpnTIenHmYy KWvac,as; Etmþg.
EtebIeyIgKµanEpnTIBIr KWqñaM 1873 nigqñaM
1893 enaHeT eyIgk¾mankarlM)akEdr mñak;Rbkan;
ehIymñak;RbEkk bu:EnþenH vac,as;Etmþg
eXIjfaKat;xilxUcGBa©wg. CaBiess dUcCa eQµaH
Gu‘¿ sMGag
ebIemIltam
Internet
vijeXIjeKkan;mIRkUedIrERsksem,ImNas;GMBIerOg
ERBkCIk vijetenaH KWecaTRbkan;TaMgRss;
EtmþgfaraCrdæaPi)al elak
h‘un Esn
lk;dI ERBkCIkvijet[yYn. ebIeyIgsþab;elak
s‘an eb:gEs
elIkTI 2 eyIgeXIjfa
elak s‘an eb:gEs
xøÜnÉgk¾minmanGVIc,as;las;Edr. eKsYrelak
fa)at;dIenaHelakRCabeT )at; Rtg;Na?
Kat;eqøIyfa Kat;mindwgEdr B¤EtGñkneya)ayPñMeBj
eKfa)at;dIeKak 4>000 eTA 6>000
K>m2
mindwg)at;kEnøgNaeT.
cMENkerOgeyIgcuHhtßelxa enAhaNUyfµI²enH
KWsemþcnaykrdæm®nþI h‘un Esn
CamYy nwgelaknaykrdæm®nþIevotNam. elak
s‘an eb:gEs
Kat;smÖasn_fa elak eha NaMhug
cuHhtßelxaCamYy rdæm®nþIkarbreTsevotNam.
)ann½yfa Kat;KµanB½t’maneT Kat;ecHEtfaEt mþg.
ebIKat;manB½t’man enaHKat;c,as;CaniyayRtUvehIy KWnaykrdæm®nþI
TaMgBIrCaGñkcuH htßelxa EtKat;fardæm®nþIkarbreTs KWKat;dwgEtBI erOgecaTRbkan;
ecaTRbkan; edIm,IEtecaT Rbkan;Etb:ueNÑaH.
dUecñH ebIeyIgKµanviFankarc,as;las; vaCakarBi)akEdr. GVIEdl´cg;elIkeLIg enH KWcg;bBa¢ak;CafµImþgeTotfa
enAeyIgKWrbs;eyIg eyIgmanbBaða resIbGMBIbBaðaRBMEdnenH ehIyKNbkSRbqaMg
EdlCaGñkneya)ayRbqaMgeyIg EtgEtykmk
eRbICa]bkrN_neya)ay
kñúgeKaledAeFVI[sPaBkarN_enaHGsißrPaB [ekItekalahl
[lM)ak ehIyebIeFVI)an nwgQan eTACabMpøaj
raCrdæaPi)alEtmþg. yuT§nakarFM
KWeKeRbIR)as;bBaðaRBMEdn Ca]bkrN_neya)ay.
BIeBlmun² mk k¾eyIgFøab;
eXIjeKeRbIGBa©wgEdr ]TahrN_enA sVayerog ´caM)anfa
Ék]tþm
h‘un eNg
elakenATIenHEdr. Ék]tþm R)ab;´fa
caMemIleKeTAeFVI)atukmµedaydwk
mnusSBI PUmi dUg eTAPñMeBj\LÚvehIy
ehIyeKmkR)ab;mnusSenATIenaH fa dwk bgb¥Ún
eTAPñMeBj edIm,Iyk GMeNayRBHkruNa.
enAeBlEdlRbmUl)anmYycMnYnmk dl;PñMeBj KWmkeFVI)atukmµ GMBIbBaða PUmidUg. GBa©wg)anCaéf¶mun´erobcMCUnÉk]tþm
yU hukRKI
CaRbFanKN³kmµaFikarRtYtBinitü
edaHRsay)atuPaB nigGPivDÆn_enA
tambeNþayRBMEdnenaH suM[GeBa¢IjeTAemIlPUmidUgenaH eTAemIl
etIva)at;bg; dl;NaehIy. Kat;eTA
rYcRtLb;mkvijfa
eBleTAdl;dUcCamindUcBaküeK niyayeT.
Kat;eXIjPUmidUg enH manpÞH 9 kalmunfamanEt 7
eT ehIykñúg 9 enH Eckecj Ca 3 RkjMú ehIykñúg
1 RkjúMman 3 pÞH enAq¶ay²BIKña.
Kat;k¾edIreTAcuc
GPS
eBlenaH eXIj 2 RkjúMenAkñúgdIeyIg.
eBleyIgcuceTAeXIjPøam rYccuceTAelI EpnTI
eXIjfaenAelIdIeyIg 2 RkjúM cMENk 1 RkjúMeTot
enAkñúgdIeK. sYrfaetIva )at;eTANa ?
ebIpÞHenaH vaenAEtkEnøgdEdl rhUt taMgBImunmk
ehIyminmaneXIjnrNaykdI ykGVIeTANa
minmannrNa e)aHbegÁalGVIpg BIeRBaH eyIgminTan;e)aHbegÁaleTAdl;enaHenAeLIy bu:Enþ B£ERskral;dgral;qñaM.
enHCacMNuc ]TahrN_ bBa¢ak;fa
kareRbIR)as;bBaðaRBMEdn EdlCabBaðaresIbenaH
sRmab;eFVICa ]bkrN_neya)ay.
cMNucmYyeTot
eyIgmankarkt;sMKal;BIGñkniBn§BUEk² mYycMnYn
eXIjfaCakarkt;sMKal;l¥. eKelIkeLIgfa enAkm<úCabc©úb,nñ
KYrEtGñkneya)ay esñhaCati
sEmþgBITsSn³Catiniymrbs;xøÜn tamry³karksagRbeTs karrYmcMENkksagRbeTsmuneK
KWkarksagsißrPaB snþiPaB snþisux
sNþab;Fñab;sgÁm. enHCacMNucEdlkm<úCakMBugEtRtUvkarxøaMgNas;
eRBaHRbeTseyIg)anqøgkat; ry³kalénsRgÁam
nigrbbRbl½yBUCsasn_
Gs;CaeRcInTsvtSknøgmkehIy. BaküEdlehAfa
Légitimité enHFMNas; EdlrdæaPi)alkm<úCa KNbkSRbCaCnkm<úCaTTYlyk)an
EdlPasaExµrfa FmµanurUbPaB
KWCaPaBEdleFVI[xøÜn kan;EtmansiT§iRsb
c,ab;kñúgkardwknaMRbeTs. FmµanurUbPaB TI1-
KWeyIg)anrMedaHRbCaCnecjBI rbbRbl½yBUCsasn_
éf¶TI 7 Ex mkra qñaM 1979. FmµanurUbPaB TI2-
KWkarEdlrdæaPi)alelak)aneFVI[RbeTsenHTTYl)ansnþiPaB
sißrPaB ÉkPaB Cati dUcbc©úb,nñenH
ehIyGñkxøHEbrCaePøc enAeBlEdlTTYl)an snþiPaB
sißrPaB sNþab;Fñab; sgÁml¥ dUcral;éf¶enHeTAvij.
ebIBIbYnR)aMqñaMmun b¤munqñaM 1998 enaH
minmannrNah‘aneTA RkugRBHsIhnu esomrab
TaMgyb;eT eRBaHbBaðasnþisux
enAkñúgRbeTsenAEtmanGñk RbqaMgRbdab; GavuF b¤RbqaMgtamEbbhigSa GVImYyepSgeTot. dUecñH
RbeTsmingaymanÉkPaB eRkamdMbUl EtmYy
eRkamrdæFmµnuBaØEtmYy eRkamkardwknaM
rbs;rdæaPi)alEtmYy EdlGacRKb;RKg 100°
énEdndIrbs;xøÜnenaHeT
enHehIyCaFmµanurUbPaBTI 2 FMNas; EdlKNbkSraCrdæaPi)al eyIgGac eFVI)an.
enHCakarBRgwgnUvsiT§iRsbc,ab;kñúgkar
dwknaMRbeTs eRBaHeyIg seRmc)an smiT§plFM
EdlminmannrNaeFVI)anBImunmkenaHeT .
FmµanurUbPaBTI 3 KWbBaðaRBMEdn CaerOgEdleKminGac eFVIeTA)an.
taMgBIRsukeTsecjBIrbbGaNaniKmniym
rhUtmkTl;eBlenH etInrNaEdl)an eFVIbBaðaRBMEdnenH?
RBHkruNaFøab;)anmanRBHraCbnÞÚlCamYy´
kalBIenATIRkug eb:kaMg elakfa kalBIsm½yrbs;´
CamYyéf eKminTaMgniyayCamYy´pg cMENkÉevotNamxagt,Úgvij
niyay ya:gdUcemþck¾minRtUvKñaEdr. ehtuenHehIy
eTIbelakgakeTArk evotNam xagclnarMedaH
nig evotNamxageCIg cuHehtuGVIrdæaPi)al rbs;Ék]tþm eTAcrcaCamYyxagéf)an?
éfminEdlTTYl sÁal;kic©RBmeRBog sni§sBaØaqñaM
1904-1907 eT eRBaHenH
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Calomnier, calomnier, calomnier et
calomnier il en reste quelle que chose...
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